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Outrigger Canoe

History

The traditional ppao of Tonga.

Hawaiiloa, a double hull sailing canoe built as a replica of Polynesian voyaging canoes.

Outrigger canoes were originally developed by the Austronesian speaking peoples of the islands of Southeast Asia for sea travel, and were used to transport these peoples both eastward to Polynesia and New Zealand and westward across the Indian Ocean as far as Madagascar during the Austronesian migration period. Even today, it is mostly among the Austronesian groups (Malay, Micronesian, Melanesian and Polynesian peoples) that outrigger canoes are used.

Outrigger fishing canoes are also used among certain non-Austronesian groups, like the Sinhala in Sri Lanka, where they are known as oruwa, as well as among some people groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The ethnological significance of this spread has been studied by James Hornell.

When Magellan's ships first encountered the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands in 1521, Antonio Pigafetta recorded that the Chamorros' sailboats far surpassed Magellan's in speed and maneuverability.

The Polynesian Voyaging Society has two double hull sailing canoes, Hklea and Hawaiiloa, and sails them between various islands in the Pacific using traditional Polynesian navigation methods without instruments.

The technology has persisted into the modern age. Outrigger canoes can be quite large fishing or transport vessels, and in the Philippines, outrigger canoes (called bangka, parao or balanghai) are often fitted with petrol engines. The links between seafaring and outrigger canoes in the Philippines extend through to political life, in which the smallest political unit in the country still called Barangay after the historical Balangai outrigger proas used in the original migrations of the first Austronesian peoples across the archipelago and beyond.

Modern sport use

Outrigger canoe racing has become a popular canoeing sport, with numerous clubs located around the world. Outrigger Canoe Racing is the State sport of Hawaii and an interscholastic high school sport. In Hawaii entire families participate in summer regattas with age groups from manini (children as young as 6 with an adult steersperson) and age 12 through age 60+.

Major races in Hawai'i include the Molokai Hoe (43 mi/69 km men's race from the island of Molokai to Oahu across the Kaiwi Channel), Na Wahine O Ke Kai (same race for women) and the Queen Liliuokalani Race held near Kona on the Island of Hawaii.

Racing outrigger canoes. The canoe in the front right, with a narrower hull and smaller body, is a single person outrigger canoe, or OC1. The other canoes are six person outrigger canoes, or OC6.

Six person outrigger canoes (or OC6) are among the most common used for sport use; single person outrigger canoes (or OC1) are also very common. Two and four person outrigger canoes are also sometimes used, and two six person outrigger canoes are sometimes rigged together like a catamaran to form a twelve person double canoe.

Modern OC6 hulls and amas are commonly made from glass-reinforced plastic. However, some canoes are made of more traditional materials. In Ancient Hawaii, canoes were carved from the trunks of very old koa trees. These canoes, although rare, are still very much in use today. The iako are usually made of wood; the iako-ama and iako-hull connections are typically done with rope wrapped and tied in interlocking fashion to reduce the risk of the connection coming completely apart if the rope breaks.

Modern OC1 hulls and amas are commonly made from glass-reinforced plastic, carbon fiber reinforced plastic, and/or Kevlar to produce a strong but light canoe. OC1 are often made with rudders operated by foot pedals. More traditional designs do not have rudders. OC1 commonly use iako made of aluminium, with a mechanism for quickly assembling and disassembling the canoe (snap buttons, large wing nuts, etc.).

See also

Canoe sailing

Ama and Aka

Pirogue

Proa

Vinta

Catamaran

Oruwa

Jukung

References

^ Gerhard Kapitn, Records of native craft in Sri Lanka: The single outrigger fishing canoe oruwaart 2.2: Rowed, paddled and poled oru, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 18

^ Irenus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Land of a Thousand Atolls: A Study of Marine Life in the Maldive and Nicobar Islands, World Publishing Co., Cleveland and New York, 1964.

Further reading

Gary Dierking (2007) Building Outrigger Sailing Canoes, McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-148791-7

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Outrigger canoes

Polynesian Voyaging Society

Takia Outrigger Canoe Club Fiji

Northern California Outrigger Canoe Association

Hawai'i Association and Race Links

Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association

Queen Lili'uokalani Canoe Race (Kai 'Opua)

Moloka'i Hoe

Na Wahine O Ke Kai

Japan Outrigger Canoe Network

World of Boats at Eyemouth ~ Outrigger Canoes:

Tongan Pao Pao

Fijian Proa

Traditional Papuan Single Outrigger

Original Outrigger Canoe (Drua) in the Fiji Museum

An Introduction to Outrigger Canoe Paddling

Orchid Outriggers - Experience photo tours in handmade outrigger canoes on the central coast of California.

An interactive for kids featuring a traditional outrigger canoe commissioned by the National Museum of Australia

Dragon Boat and Outrigger Canoe website

"The Longest Canoe Paddle in Modern History" Article about outrigger canoe trip to the Northwest Hawaiian Islands Hawai'i. Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol. 11, No. 1 (January 2007).

"Canoes That Carve" Article about surfing outrigger canoes Hawai'i. Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol. 11, No. 3 (May 2007).

"Master Strokes." Article about outrigger canoe club in Haleiwa, Hawai'i. Hana Hou! Vol. 10, No. 3 (June/July 2007).

new hope outrigger - Complete online resource to the sport and history of outrigger canoeing.

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Types of sailing vessels and rigs

Barca-longa  Barque  Barquentine  Bermuda rig  Bermuda sloop  Bilander  Brig  Brigantine  Caravel  Carrack  Catamaran  Catboat  Clipper  Dutch Clipper  Cog  Corvette  Cutter  Dhow  Dinghy  East Indiaman  Felucca  Fifie  Fluyt  Fore & Aft Rig  Frigate  Full Rigged Ship  Fusta  Gaff Rig  Galeas  Galiot  Galleon  Gunter Rig  Hermaphrodite Brig  Herring Buss  Hoy  Jackass-barque  Junk  Ketch  Longship  Lugger  Man-of-war  Mast Aft Rig  Mersey Flat  Multihull  Nao  Nordland  Norfolk Punt  Norfolk Wherry  Pausik  Pilot Cutter  Pink  Pinnace  Pocket Cruiser  Polacca  Pram  Proa  Punt  Razee  Sailing barge  Sailing hydrofoil  Schooner  Ship of the Line  Sixareen  Sgoth  Shitik  Sloop  Sloop-of-war  Smack  Snow  Square Rig  Tall Ship  Thames Sailing Barge  Trailer sailer   Trimaran  Vinta  Well smack  Wherry  Windjammer  Windsurfer  Xebec  Yacht  Yawl  Yoal

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Culture of Indigenous Oceania

List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania

Art

ahu  Australia  Austronesia  Cook Islands  Hawaii  kapa (Hawaii)  lei (Hawaii)  magimagi  Mori  moai  New Zealand  Oceania  Papua New Guinea  reimiro  t moko  tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Smoa), " uha" (Rotuma)]  tabua  ta'ovala  tattoo  tfui  tivaivai

Broad culture

areca nut  Kava culture  kava, [" awa" (Hawaii), " ava" (Smoa), "yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)]  Lapita  Mori  Polynesia  Polynesian navigation  wood carving

Geo-specific, general

Australia  Australian Aboriginal astronomy  Austronesia  Caroline Islands, -Pwo  Chatham Islands  Cook Islands  Easter Island  Fiji, -Lau Islands, -traditions and ceremonies  Guam  Hawaii, -Lomilomi massage  Kiribati  French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands  Marshall Islands, -Stick charts of  Federated States of Micronesia  Nauru  New Caledonia  New Zealand  Niue  Norfolk Island  Palau  Papua New Guinea  Pitcairn Islands  Smoa  Solomon Islands  Tonga  Torres Strait Islands  Tuvalu  Vanuatu  Wallis and Futuna  Yap, -navigation, -Weriyeng navigation school

Canoes

Aboriginal Dugout  Alingano Maisu  Drua  Dugout (boat)  Hawaiiloa  Hklea  Modern Hawaiian outrigger  Mori migration  Outrigger  Polynesian sailing  Proa  Waka,-List of  Walap

Dance

'aparima  cibi  fara  fire dancing  firewalking  haka  hivinau  hula  kailao  kapa haka  Kiribati  meke  'ote'a  pa'o'a  poi  Rotuma  siva  Tahiti  tmr  tautoga  Tonga  'upa'upa

Festivals

Australia's Garma Festival  Hawaii's Aloha Festivals, Merrie Monarch Festival, and World Invitational Hula Festival  Fiji  New Zealand's Pasifika Festival  The Pacific Community's Festival of Pacific Arts  Festivals in Papua New Guinea

Languages

by area

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Languages of Oceania

Sovereign states

Australia  East Timor1  Fiji  Indonesia1  Kiribati  Papua New Guinea  Marshall Islands  Federated States of Micronesia  Nauru  New Zealand  Palau  Samoa  Solomon Islands  Tonga  Tuvalu  Vanuatu

Dependencies and

other territories

American Samoa  Christmas Island  Cocos (Keeling) Islands  Cook Islands  French Polynesia  Guam  Hawaii  New Caledonia  Niue  Norfolk Island  Northern Mariana Islands  Pitcairn Islands  Rotuma  Tokelau  Wallis and Futuna

1 Transcontinental country.

by category

Languages of Oceania

Literature

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Literature of Oceania

Sovereign states

Australia  East Timor1  Fiji  Indonesia1  Kiribati  Papua New Guinea  Marshall Islands  Federated States of Micronesia  Nauru  New Zealand  Palau  Samoa  Solomon Islands  Tonga  Tuvalu  Vanuatu

Dependencies and

other territories

American Samoa  Christmas Island  Cocos (Keeling) Islands  Cook Islands  French Polynesia  Guam  Hawaii  New Caledonia  Niue  Norfolk Island  Northern Mariana Islands  Pitcairn Islands  Rotuma  Tokelau  Wallis and Futuna

1 Transcontinental country.

Music

Austral Islands (French Polynesia)  Australia  Austronesia  Cook Islands  didgeridoo  Easter Island  Fiji  Guam  Hawaii  Kiribati  Lali  Mori  Melanesia  Northern Mariana Islands  Micronesia  Federated States of Micronesia  Nauru  New Caledonia  New Zealand  Niue  Palau  Papua New Guinea  Polynesia  Smoa  Slit drum  Solomon Islands  Tahiti  Tokelau  Tonga  Tuvalu  Vanuatu  Wallis and Futuna

Mythology

Australian Aboriginal  Fijian  Mori  Melanesian  Menehune  Micronesian  Oceanian legendary creatures  Polynesian  Rapa Nui  Vanuatu

People

Indigneous Australian  Austronesian  Chamorro  Chatham Islander (Moriori or Rekohu)  Fijian  Hawaiian (knaka maoli)  Mori  Marshallese  Melanesian  Micronesian  Negrito  Norfolk Islander  Papuan  Polynesian  Indigenous Polynesian (Mhi)  Rapanui  Rotuman  Samoan  Tahitian  Tongan  Torres Strait Islander

Religion

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Religion in Oceania

Sovereign states

Australia  East Timor1  Fiji  Indonesia1  Kiribati  Papua New Guinea  Marshall Islands  Federated States of Micronesia  Nauru  New Zealand  Palau  Samoa  Solomon Islands  Tonga  Tuvalu  Vanuatu

Dependencies and

other territories

American Samoa  Christmas Island  Cocos (Keeling) Islands  Cook Islands  French Polynesia  Guam  Hawaii  New Caledonia  Niue  Norfolk Island  Northern Mariana Islands  Pitcairn Islands  Rotuma  Tokelau  Wallis and Futuna

1 Transcontinental country.

Not included: Oceanian: cinema, (indigenous) currency, dress, folkore, cuisine. Also see Category:Oceanian culture.

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Canoeing and kayaking

Main sports

Sprint  Slalom  Marathon  Polo  Whitewater  Sailing  Freestyle

Olympics

Summer Olympics  Men's medalists  Women's medalists

Other sports

Creeking  Dragon boat  Extreme  Freeboating  Outrigger canoeing  Surf ski  Surf kayaking  Snowkayak  Squirt boating

International Canoe Federation

World Championships - Sprint (Men's Canadian medalists, Men's kayak medalists, Women's kayak medalists), Slalom

Recreation

Small-craft Sailing  Whitewater canoeing/kayaking  Sea kayak  Canoe camping  Kayak fishing  Kayak diving  Kayak Walk  Dongola racing  Canoe orienteering  Canoe livery or rental  Crossing the Ditch

Modern boat types

Canoe  Kayak  Concrete canoe  Flyak  Folding kayak  International Canoe  Malia (Hawaiian canoe)  Recreational kayak  Sprint canoe

Traditional boat types

Aleutian kayak  Baidarka  Cayuco  Chundan Vallam  Outrigger canoe  Sturgeon-nosed canoe  Taimen  Umiak  Waka  War canoe

Manoeuvres & techniques

C-to-C Roll  Eskimo Rescue  Kayak roll  Kluning  Portage  Watercraft paddling

Equipment

Artificial whitewater  Albano buoy system  Outrigger  Paddle  Paddle float  Paddle leash  Royalex  Sea sock  Spraydeck  Tuilik

Meteorology & sea states

Clapitus  Whitewater

Kayakers

Jimmy Blakeney  Tyler Bradt  Paul Caffyn  Tad Dennis  Chris Duff  Douglas C. Gordon  tpnka Hilgertov  Freya Hoffmeister  Eric Jackson  Ramo Kolenovi  Brad Ludden  Andrew McAuley  Mark Pollock  Alex Prostko  Oskar Speck  Rush Sturges  Todd Wells  Nicholas Wiechern  Clay Wright  Alexander Yermilov

Venues

List of whitewater rivers  List of artificial whitewater courses  Playspot  Boulter's Lock  Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness  Broxbourne White Water Canoe Centre  Canolfan Tryweryn  Cardington Artificial Slalom Course  Dickerson Whitewater Course  Dorney Lake  Dutch Water Dreams  Eiskanal  Hawaii-sur-Rhone  Helliniko Olympic Complex  Holme Pierrepont National Watersports Centre  Hurley Lock  Idroscalo  Kanupark Markkleeberg  River Thames  Millrace Rapids  Nene Whitewater Centre  Northern Forest Canoe Trail  Ocoee Whitewater Center  Ohio River Trail  Parc Olmpic del Segre  Penrith Whitewater Stadium  Raice, Czech Republic  River Dart  Rutherford Creek  Saint Regis Canoe Area  Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park  South Bend, Indiana  Stanley whitewater canoeing course  Symonds Yat Rapids  Tacen Whitewater Course  Teesside White Water Course  Texas Water Safari  The Loop, River Dart  Tour de Guden  U.S. National Whitewater Center  Upper Dart  Water Sports Centre unovo  Wolf River (Tennessee)

Competitions

List of world records in canoeing  2006 South American Games  2006 Asian Games  Adirondack Canoe Classic  Au Sable River Canoe Marathon  Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon  Dusi Canoe Marathon  Hawkesbury Canoe Classic  Murray Marathon  National Student Rodeo  Thameside Series  Waterside Series

Suppliers & manufacturers

Attbar  Bliss-stick  Jackson Kayak  Rockpool Kayaks  Royak Marine  Tiderace Sea Kayaks

National governing bodies

American Canoe Association  British Canoe Union  British Dragon Boat Racing Association  Canadian Canoe Association  Croatian Canoe Federation  Scottish Canoe Association  USA Canoe/Kayak  Welsh Canoeing Association

Notable clubs

Burloak Canoe Club  Canoe Cruisers Association  Forth Canoe Club  Kingston Royals Dragon Boat Racing Club  Manchester Canoe Club  Philadelphia Canoe Club  Rideau Canoe Club  Royal Canoe Club  Viking Kayak Club

Other canoe/kayak organisations

Association of International Paddle Sport Federations  Canadian Canoe Museum  International Dragon Boat Federation  Sir Alexander Mackenzie Canada Sea-to-Sea Bicentennial Expeditions  UK Rivers Access Campaign

In the arts

Chasse-galerie  Men, Rivers and Canoes  Paddle-to-the-Sea  The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes  Waterwalker

Categories: Boat types | Sailboat types | Canoeing | Human-powered vehicles | Exploration shipsHidden categories: Articles containing Tahitian language text
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